Tables, Population Reports, Series L, Number 11

Tables

Table 1. Physical Assault on Women by an Intimate Male Partner
Table 2. Approval of Wife-Beating
Table 3. Help-Seeking by Physically Abused Women
Table 4. Variations in Men's Attitudes and Rates of Abuse
Table 5. Prevalence of Forced First Intercourse
Table 6. Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse
Table 7. How Health Care Systems Can Respond
Table 8. Applyin Communication Strategies to Address Violence

Table 1.
Physical Assault on Women by an Intimate Male Partner
Selected Population-Based Studies, 1982–1999

Region, Place & Year of Field Work (Ref. No.)	Coverage	Sample			% of Adult Women Physically Assaulted by an Intimate Partner
Region, Place & Year of Field Work (Ref. No.)	Coverage	Size	Popula- tion*	Age	In Previouse 12 Months	In Current Rela- tionship	Ever (in Any Rela- tionship)
AFRICA, SUB-SAHARAN
Ethiopia 1995 (110)	Meskanena Woreda	673	2	15+	10^h		45
Kenya 1984–87 (362)	Kisii District	612	7	15+		42
Nigeria 1993P (331)	Not stated	1,000	1				31^a
South Africa 1998 (235)	Eastern Cape Mpumalanga Northern Provice	396 418 465	3 3 3	18–49 18–49 18–49	11^b 12^b 5^b		20^b 29^b 20^b
South Africa 1998 (281)	National	5,077	2	15–49	6		13
Uganda1995–96 (33)	Lira & Masaka Districts	1,660	2	20–44		41
Zimbabwe 1996 (464)	Midlands Provice	966	1	18+			17^c
ASIA & PACIFIC
Australia 1996 (490)	National	6,300	1		3^c	8^c
Bangladesh 1992 (407)	National (villages)	1,225	2	<50	19		47
Bangladesh 1993–95 (422)	Nasirnagar Thana	3,611	2			32
Bangladesh 1993 (255)	Jessore & Sirajgonj (rural)	10,368	2	15–49		42^d
Cambodia 1996P (325)	Phnom Penh & 6 prov.	1,374	3				16
India 1993–94 (233)	Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh	859 983	2 2	15–39 15–39		37 45
India 1995–96 (288)	Uttar Pradesh, 5 dist.	6,695	4	15–65		30
India 1999 (496)	6 states	9,938	3	15–49	14^e		40/26^f
Korea, Rep. of 1989 (253)	National	707	2	20+	38/12^f
New Zealand 1994 (272)	National	2,000	6	17+	21^g		35^g
Papua N. Guin. 1982 (437)	National, rural (villages)	628	3**				67
Papua N. Guin. 1984 (366)	Port Moresby (low income)	298	3**				56
Philippines 1993 (323)	National	8,481	5	15–49			10^d
Philippines 1998 (57)	Cagayan de Oro City & Bukidnon Province	1,660	2	15–49			26
Thailand 1994 (215)	Bangkok	619	4	15–49		20
EUROPE
Moldova 1997 (410)	National	4,790	3	15–44	7+		14+
Netherlands 1986 (383)	National	989	1	20–60			21/11^a,f
Norway 1989P (403)	Trondheim	111	3	20–49			18
Switzerland 1994–96 (383)	National	1,500	2	20–60	6^g		21^g
Turkey 1998 (223)	E and SE Anatolia	599	1	14–75			58^a
United Kingdom 1993P (308)	North London	430	1	16+	12^a		30^a
LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN
Antiqua 1990 (200)	National	97	1	29–45			30^c
Barbados 1990 (494)	National	264	1	20–45			30^a,g
Bolivia 1998 (338)	3 districts	289	1	20+	17^a
Chile 1993P (268)	Metro Santiago & prov.	1,000	2	22–55		26/11^f
Chile 1997 (312)	Santiago	310	2	15–49	23
Colombia 1995 (337)	National	6,097	2	15–49		19
Mexico 1996 (363)	Metro. Guadalajara	650	3		15		27
Mexico 1996P (191)	Monterrey	1,064	3	15+			17^g
Nicaragua 1995 (130)	León	360	3	15–49	27/20^f		52/37^f
Nicaragua 1997 (163, 312)	Managua	378	3	15–49	33/28^f		69
Nicaragua 1998 (386)	National	8,507	3	15–49	12/8^f		28/21^f
Paraguay 1995–96 (76)	Nat'l, except Chaco reg.	5,940	3	15–49			10
Peru 1997 (188)	Metro. Lima (middle and low income)	359	2	17–55	31
Puerto Rico 1995–96 (105)	National	5,755	3	15–49			13^b
Uruguay 1997 (440)	Montevideo & Canelones	545	2**	22–55	10^g
NEAR EAST & NORTH AFRICA
Egypt 1995–96 (132)	National	7,121	3	15–49	16^d		34^b
Israel 1994 (197)	West Bank & Gaza Strip (Palestinians)	2,410	2	17–65	52/37^f
Israel 1997P (196)	Arab, except Bedouin	1,826	2	19–67	32
NORTH AMERICA
Canada 1993 (378)	National	12,300	1	18+	3^c,g		29^c,g
Canada 1991—92 (367)	Toronto	420	1	18–64			27^a
United States 1993 (436)	National	8,000	1	18+	1.3^a		22^a
Percentages rounded to whole numbers "P" after year indicates the year of publication for studies not reporting the field work dates. Population of respondents: 1 = all women 2 = currently married/partnered women 3 = ever-married/partnered women 4 = married men reporting on own use of violence against spouse 5 = women with a pregnancy outcome 6 = all men reporting on own use of violence against partners 7 = married women; half with pregnancy outcome, half without Nonrandom sampling techniques used. ^aSample group included women who had never been in a relationship and therefore were not in exposed group. ^bRate of partner abuse among ever-married/partnered women, recalculated from author's data. ^cAlthough sample includes allwomen, rate of abuse is shown for ever-married/partnered women (N notgiven). ^dPerpetrator could be familymember or close friend. ^eSevere abuse ^rAny physical abuse/severe physical abuse only ^gPhysical or sexual assault ^hIn past 3 months Compiled by the Center for Health and Gender Equity (CHANGE) for Population Reports*

Return to Chapter 2.1

Table 2.
Approval of Wife-Beating
Percentage, by Rationale, Selected Studies, 1985–1999

Country & Year (Ref. No.)	Respondents	She Neglects Children and/or House	She Refuses Him Sex	He Suspects Her of Adultery	She Answers Back or Disobeys
Brazil (Salvodor, Bahia) 1999 (348)	M F	— —	— —	19^a 11^a	— —
Chile (Santiago) 1999 (348)	M F	— —	— —	12^a 14^a	— —
Colombia (Cali) 1999 (348)	M F	— —	— —	14^a 13^a	— —
Egypt 1996 (132)	Urban F Rural F	40 61	57 81	— —	59 78
El Salvodor (San Salvodor) 1999 (348)	M F	— —	— —	5^a 9^a	— —
Ghana 1999^b (23)	M F	— —	43 33	— —	— —
India (Uttar Pradesh) 1996 (319)	M	—	—	—	10–50
Israel (Palestinians) 1996^c (195)	M	—	28	71	57
New Zealand 1995 (272)	M	1	1	5^d	1^e
Nicaragua 1999^f (386)	Urban F Rural F	15 25	5 10	22 32	— —
Papua New Guinea 1985 (39)	High school F High School M	— —	— —	— —	59^g 63^g
Singapore 1996 (83)	M	—	5	33^h	4
Venezuela (Caracas) 1999 (348)	M F	— —	— —	8^a 8^a	— —
F = Female M = Male Note: — indicates this question not asked ^a"An unfaithful woman deserves to be beaten" ^bAlso, 51% of men and 43% of women agreed: "husband is justified in beating" his wife if she uses family planning without his knowledge. ^cAlso, 23% agreed "wife-beating is justified" if she does not respect her husband's relatives. ^d"He catches her in bed with another man." ^e"She won't do what she is told." ^fAlso, 11% of urban women and 23% of rural women agreed "husband is justified in beating" his wife if she goes out without his permission. ^g"She speaks disrespectfully to him." ^hShe is sexually involved with another man." Compiled by the Center for Health and Gender Equity for Population Reports

Return to Chapter 2.2

Table 3.
Help-Seeking by Physically Abused Women
Selected Studies, 1993–1999

Country & Year (Ref. No.)	% of Abused Women Who:
Country & Year (Ref. No.)	Never Told Anyone	Contacted Police	Told Friends	Told Family
Bangladesh 1993 (255)	68	—	—	30
Canada 1993 (240)	22	26	45	44
Cambodia 1996P (325)	34	1	33	22
Chile 1993 (268)	30	16	14	32^a
Egypt 1995–96 (132)	47	—	3	44
Ireland 1995P (330)	—	20	50	37
Moldova 1997 (410)	—	6	30	31
Nicaragua 1998 (386)	37	17	28	34
United Kingdom 1993P (308)	38	22	46	31
^a 32% told her family; 21% told his family. "P" after year indicates year of publication for studies not reporting field work dates. Compiled by the Center for Health and Gender Equity for Population Reports.

Return to Chapter 2.3

Table 4.
Variations in Men's Attitudes and Rates of Abuse
Selected Districts, Uttar Pradesh, India, 1995–1996

District	% Who Admit to Forcing Wife To Have Sex	% Who Agree That If Wife disobeys, She Should Be Beaten	% Who Admit to Hitting Wife	% Who Hit Wife in Last Year
Aligarh	31	15	29	17
Banda	17	50	45	33
Gonda	36	27	31	20
Kanpur Nagar	14	11	22	10
Naintal	21	10	18	11
Source: Narayana 1996 (319)

Return to Chapter 2.4

Table 5.
Prevalence of Forced First Intercourse
Selected Studies, 1989–1999

Country & Year (Ref. No.)	Sample			% Whose First Intercourse was Forced
Country & Year (Ref. No.)	Size	Type	Age	% Whose First Intercourse was Forced
Argentina 1998 (168)	201	Clinic-based	15–18	6 (41^a)
Central African Rep. 1989 (79)	1,307	National	15–50	21
Jamaica 1997 (226)	51^b	School-based	8th Grade	12
Kenya 1994 (334)	9,997	School-based	12–24	8 forced 6 "tricked"
Mozambique 1993 (17)	189	School-based	12–23	8
New Zealand 1993–94 (112)	458	National, longitudinal	18 & 21	7 25^c
Sierra Leone 1998P (87)	144	Convenience	adult	31
South Africa 1999 (453)	544^b	Match case-control	<19	32 pregnant 18 nonpregnant
United States 1992 (270)	1,663	National	18–59	4 (25^a)
^aUnwanted but not forced ^aSexually active girls only ^aOf those sexually active before age 14 ^aOf those sexually active before age 15 "P" after year indicates year of publication for studies not reporting field work dates. Compiled by the Center for Health and Gender Equity (CHANGE) for Population Reports.

Return to Chapter 3.2

Table 6.
Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse
Selected Studies, 1990–1998

Country & Year (Ref. No.)	Study Method & Sample	Definition of Child Sexual Abuse	Prevalence
Antigua 1993 (200)	Probability sample of 97 women.	Sexual contact that is unwanted or with a biological relative; or <16 with perpetrator 5+ years older	11% of women report sexual exploitation before age 20
Australia 1997 (156)	Retrospective study of 710 women	Sexual contact <12 with perpetrator 5+ years older; or unwanted sexual activity at ages 12–16	20% of women report abuse
Barbados 1993 (199)	National random sample of 264 women	Sexual contact that is unwanted or with a biological relative; or <16 with perpetrator 5+ years older	30% of women report abuse
Canada 1990 (498)	Population survey of 9,953 men and women age 15+	Unwanted sexual activity, contact and noncontact, while growing up	13% of women, 4% of men report abuse
Costa Rica 1992P (497)	Retrospective survey of university students	Unwanted sexual activity, contact and noncontact; no ages specified	32% of women, 13% of men report abuse
Germany 1992 (405)	Multiple-screen questionnaire answered by 2,151 students in Würzburg and Leipzig	Distressing sexual activity, contact and noncontact, <14; or with perpetrator 5+ years older	In Würzburg 16% of girls, 6% boys; in Leipzig 10% of girls, 6% of boys report abuse
Malaysia 1996 (415)	Retrospective self-administered questionnaire answered by 616 paramedical students	Vaginal or anal penetration, or unsolicited sexual contact, or witnessing exhibitionism <18	8% of women, 2% of men report abuse
New Zealand 1997 (149)	Birth cohort of 520 girls, studied from birth to age 18	Unwanted sexual activity, contact and noncontact, <16	14% of girls report contact abuse; 17% report any abuse
Nicaragua 1997 (336)	Anonymous self-administered questionnaire answered by 134 men and 202 women ages 25–44 drawn from population-based sample	Sexual contact, including attempted penetration, <13 with perpetrator 5+ years older; or nonconsensual activity >12	26% of women, 20% of men report abuse
Norway (Oslo) 1996 (354)	Population-based sample of 465 adolescents, ages 13–19, followed for 6 years	Sexual contact, including "intercourse after pressure," occurring between a child <13 and an adult >17; or involving force	17% of girls, 1% of boys report abuse
Spain 1995 (279)	Face-to-face interviews and self-administered questionnaires answered by 895 adults ages 18–60	Unwanted sexual activity, contact and noncontact, <17	22% of women and 15% of men report abuse
Switzerland (Geneva) 1996 (198)	Self-administered questionnaire answered by 1,193 ninth grade students	Unwanted sexual activity, contact and noncontact	20% of girls, 3% of boys report contact abuse; 34% of girls, 11% of boys report any abuse
Switzerland (national) 1998 (501)	National survey of 3,993 girls, ages 15–20, enrolled in schools or professional training programs	"Sexual victimization," defined as "when someone in your family, or someone else, touches you in a place you didn't want to be touched, or does something to you sexually which they shouldn't have done."	19% of girls report abuse
United States 1997 (471)	National 10-year longitudinal study of women's drinking that included questions about sexual abuse, answered by 1,099 women	Unwanted sexual activity, contact and noncontact, <18; or <13 with perpetrator 5+ years older	21% of women report abuse
United States (Midwest) 1997 (280)	Self-administered questionnaire answered by 42,568 students in grades 7–12	"Sexual abuse," defined as "when someone in your family or another person does sexual things to you or makes you do sexual things to them that you don't want to do."	12% of girls, 4% of boys report abuse
United States (South) 1994 (317)	Anonymous self-report survey of 3,018 adolescents, grades 8 and 10	Forced intercourse only	13% of girls, 7% of boys report abuse
United States (Washington State) 1997 (424)	Multiple-choice survey of 3,128 girls in grades 8, 10, and 12	"Sexual abuse," defined as "when someone in your family or someone else touches you in a sexual way in a place you didn't want to be touched, or does something to you sexually which they shouldn't have done"	23% of all girls; 18% of 8th graders, 24% of 10th graders, 28% of 12th graders report abuse
"P" after year indicates year of publication for studies not reporting field work dates. Compiled by the Center for Health and Gender Equity (CHANGE) for Population Reports.

Return to Chapter 3.3

Table 7.
How Health Care Systems Can Respond
What Staff at Different Levels Can Do to Address Violence Against Women

Community Level
Typical Staff Include	First-Order Response	Additional, More Advanced Response
Community health workers (CHWs) Trained traditional birth attendants (TBAs) Traditional healers Pharmacists	Integrate lessons on abuse, sexuality, and healthy relationships into CHW and TBA training. Goal: To sensitize workers and help them respond sympathetically to victims of abuse.	Encourage CHWs to become active community change agents by: — starting public discussion of violence via role- playing, posters, and community events, — holding workshops to change community norms and attitudes. Train CHWs to facilitate support groups for abused women. Encourage CHWs to accompany women to the police and the medical examiner's office when they choose to report rape ordomestic assault.
Primary Care Level
Typical Staff Include	First-Order Response	Additional, More Advanced Response
Health post: Nurses Auxiliary nurse- midwives Clinic: General practitioner Midwives	Sensitize staff to violence by providing experiential training that examines attitudes and beliefs.	All of the above plus: Train staff to identify and respond appropriately to victims of abuse. Encourage proper documentation and safety planning. Facilitate linkage with local women's groups, where they exist. Display posters and pamphlets in waiting areas.
Polyclinic or Hospital Level
Typical Staff Include	First-Order Response	Additional, More Advanced Response
Midwives General practitioners Medical specialists Social workers	Train staff to identify and respond appropriately to victims of abuse. Encourage proper documentation and safety planning. Facilitate linkage with local women's groups, where they exist. Display posters and pamphlets in waiting areas.	Initiate active screening for abuse among selected patient populations, e.g., in prenatal care clinics, casualty departments, mental health clinics. Develop site-specific protocols for responding to victims. Incorporate questions on abuse into intake forms or patient interview schedules; prompts can be rubber- stamped on existing forms. Organize a self-help support group for women or lend facility to groups willing to do so. Coordinate with a local women's group to have an advocate on call to help abused women (or train someone in-house). Establish specialized services for victims of sexual assault, including proper collection of forensic evidence.
Prepared by the Center for Health and Gender Equity (CHANGE) for Population Reports.

Return to Chapter 7.4

Table 8.
Applying Communication Strategies to Address Violence
Communication Focus for Different Audiences

Strategies for Clients/Community Members	Strategies for Health Care Providers
When Audience Is Adults
Conduct workshops and campaigns to de-legitimize violence as a way to resolve conflict or to "discipline" women or children. Highlight the prevalence of abuse and its costs to families and society (e.g., impact of witnessing violence in childhood). Promote supportive responses (not blaming) to victims of physical or sexual abuse, using street theater, alternative media, and public education campaigns. Integrate plot lines about physical and sexual abuse into TV and radio programming, especially into social dramas produced to promote reproductive health. Ensure that all media projects produced to promote family planning or other health goals promote gender equity by portraying competent women and caring men. Conduct health campaigns to discourage use of alcohol and drugs. Promote human rights education and other ways to empower women.	Stress key role that health care providers can play in early detection, treatment, and referral of victims of violence. Educate providers on the long-term health consequences of physical and sexual abuse. Promote an ethic of care so that providers see themselves as responsible for the whole person, not just the person's symptoms.
When Audience Is Children
Promote life-skills training in schools and out-of- school settings; include age-appropriate content on sexuality, conflict resolution, building healthy relationships, and personal safety. Initiate specialized campaigns to prevent violence, e.g., "Hands are not for hitting."	Alert providers to the prevalence and epidemiology of child abuse, including sexual abuse. Educate providers on the long-term consequences of early abuse, both sexual and nonsexual. Encourage providers to promote nonphysical forms of child discipline.
When Audience Is Adolescents
Provide comprehensive sexuality education including exercises that examine gender norms, double standards for male and female sexual behavior; role- playing on resisting pressure to engage in unwanted sexual behavior. Enable boys and girls (first separately, then in mixed groups) to discuss relationships, love, anger, jealousy, and abuse. Educate young women about their rights.	Alert providers to the high possibility of sexual abuse in cases of STI or pregnancy in girls under age 14. Help providers confront their own attitudes toward adolescent sexuality, proper gender roles, and victims of rape or abuse.
Prepared by the Center for Health and Gender Equity (CHANGE) for Population Reports.

Return to Chapter 7.4

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